Explore Our Comprehensive Courses for Your Learning Journey

Heart valves, cars, cartoons, and buildings may not seem to have much in common, but they all share one spectacular attribute: all originated as a 3D model. 3D modeling has changed the way the world makes things, and in this course, you’ll learn the basics to begin creating in 3D! You’ll learn how different 3D models are built and how to practice using a variety of modeling methods. By the end of the course, you’ll walk away with a portfolio of your ingenious modeling ideas. 3D modeling is an essential part of the modern world and soon, you’ll be able to contribute yourself!

Agriculture has played an important role in the lives of humans for thousands of years. It has fed us and given us materials that have helped us survive. Today, scientists and practitioners are working to improve and better understand agriculture and how it can be used to continue to sustain human life. In this course, students learn about the development and maintenance of agriculture, animal systems, natural resources, and other food sources. Students also examine the relationship between agriculture and natural resources and the environment, health, politics, and world trade.

A review of math skills and fundamental properties of algebra. Some topics include basic terminology, working with whole numbers, fractions and decimals, properties of signed numbers, manipulation of monomials and square roots, using formulas, order of operation.

Algebra 1 course is intended to formalize and extend the mathematics that students learned in the middle grades. Because it is built to follow revised middle school math courses, the course covers slightly different ground than previous versions of Algebra. In this course, students deepen their understanding of linear and exponential relationships by contrasting them with each other. Students also apply linear models to data that exhibit a linear trend. The course also covers analyzing, solving, and using quadratic functions. When enrolling in the full year option of this course it will be delivered in two semesters. Transcripts will reflect each semester separately

Algebra 1 course is intended to formalize and extend the mathematics that students learned in the middle grades. Because it is built to follow revised middle school math courses, the course covers slightly different ground than previous versions of algebra. In this course, students deepen their understanding of linear and exponential relationships by contrasting them with each other. Students also apply linear models to data that exhibit a linear trend. The course also covers analyzing, solving, and using quadratic functions.

The Algebra 1 Credit Recovery course leads students from their proficiency and understanding of numbers and operations into the mathematics of algebraic thinking. Building on pre-algebra skills developed in middle school, students deepen their understanding of linear expressions and equations, linear inequalities, and coordinate graphing. They then explore and learn about the function concept, radical expressions, exponential expressions and functions, quadratic functions, systems of equations, factoring and roots of equations, and basic statistical analysis.

Algebra 1 teaches students fundamental concepts such as integers, linear equations, how to add, subtract, multiply and divide monomials and polynomials, factoring polynomials and solving quadratic equations.

A review of important algebraic properties and skills. Some topics include basic terminology, properties of signed numbers, manipulation of algebraic expressions, solutions of linear equations, and solving with the quadratic formula.

In this Algebra 2 course, students build on their work with linear, quadratic, and exponential functions, and extend their repertoire to include polynomial, rational, radical, and trigonometric functions. Students also expand their ability to model situations and solve equations, including solving quadratic equations over the set of complex numbers and solving exponential equations using the properties of logarithms. The course covers sequences and series, probability distributions, and more advanced data analysis techniques.Prerequisite: Algebra 1 and Geometry is recommended. When enrolling in the full year option of this course it will be delivered in two semesters. Transcripts will reflect each semester separately.

This Algebra 2 course, students build on their work with linear, quadratic, and exponential functions, and extend their repertoire to include polynomial, rational, radical, and trigonometric functions. Students also expand their ability to model situations and solve equations, including solving quadratic equations over the set of complex numbers and solving exponential equations using the properties of logarithms. The course covers sequences and series, probability distributions, and more advanced data analysis techniques. Prerequisite: Algebra 1 and Geometry is recommended.

The Algebra 2 Credit Recovery course builds on the mathematical proficiency and reasoning skills developed in Algebra 1 and Geometry to lead students into advanced algebraic work. The course emphasizes the concept of functions throughout. Sandwiched between short forays into probability and statistics is a thorough treatment of linear, quadratic, higher-degree polynomial, exponential, logarithmic, and trigonometric functions, with emphasis on analysis, problem solving, and graphing. Toward the end of the course, an introduction to sequences and series is presented in preparation for future work in mathematics.

Algebra 2 is a cumulative review of all Algebra topics and is a fundamental course that is completed before the study of Trigonometry/PreCalculus. The course content is also the last mathematics course covered on the SAT's. Once completed with the course, students will be able to correctly apply the order of operations to evaluate expressions and use formulas; solve systems of linear equations using the graphing method; perform operations on polynomials; add, subtract, multiply, and divide functions; identify an arithmetic or geometric sequence; and write and graph equations of parabolas, circles, ellipses, and hyperbolas.

The future of America is in your hands. Take this opportunity to learn about what your role is in government and how you can be an active citizen. This course is a study of the origins, develoment, structure, and functions of American government. Topics include the constitutional framework, federalism, the three branches of government, civil rights and liberties, political partiicpation and behavior, and policy formation. Upon completion, you'll have an understanding of the basic concepts and participatory proceses of the American political system. Basic concepts of state and local government and their relationships with the federal government are also included.

The American Government course will expose students to a vast amount of information on what defines America, and who America is as a nation. Starting at the very roots and foundation of democracy students will explore the founding fathers and their task of creating the republic. Students will also dive into other forms of government and how America's government operates today. By the end of this course, student will be able to become a more active and informed citizen, along with making educated political decisions.

The study material in this program is designed to help you develop a basic understanding of American history, from colonial days to modern times. You will explore many different topics in your study of American history, including the events of the American Revolution, industrialization, and the causes and effects of the Civil War. You will also explore how events in early U.S. history had an impact on more recent ones.

During the 15th and 16th centuries, explorers set out to find new sea routes for trade but instead discovered Noth and South America. These lands were full of Natives, resources and seemingly endless opportunity. In this 8th Grade Social Studies course, you will learn about the beginning of American settlement in the 1400s and 1500s all the way through the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s. You'll explore the early colonies and learn about the struggles these people faced. You'll study wars and how the American government came to be and how through shifts like the Industrial Revolution, our whole society changed so much forever impacting the future of America and the world.

In this course, students read and analyze works of American literature from colonial to contemporary times, including poetry, short stories, novels, drama, and nonfiction. The literary works provide opportunities for critical writing, creative projects, and online discussions. Students develop vocabulary skills and refresh their knowledge of grammar, usage, and mechanics in preparation for standardized tests. Students enrolled in this challenging course will also complete independent projects that deepen their understanding of the themes and ideas presented in the curriculum.Prerequisites- English 10 (or equivalent) When enrolling in the full year option of this course it will be delivered in two semesters. Transcripts will reflect each semester separately

In this course, students read and analyze works of American literature from colonial to contemporary times, including poetry, short stories, novels, drama, and nonfiction. The literary works provide opportunities for critical writing, creative projects, and online discussions. Students develop vocabulary skills and refresh their knowledge of grammar, usage, and mechanics in preparation for standardized tests.Prerequisites- English 10 (or equivalent)

In this course, students read and analyze works of American literature from colonial to contemporary times, including poetry, short stories, novels, drama, and nonfiction. The literary works provide opportunities for critical writing. Students develop vocabulary skills and refresh their knowledge of grammar, usage, and mechanics in preparation for standardized tests. Diagnostic tests assess students’ current knowledge and generate individualized study plans, so students can focus on topics that need review.

Starting with the relationship between anatomy and physiology, students will then learn about cell structure and their processes. Learners will also discover the functions and purposes of the skeletal, muscular, nervous, and cardiovascular systems, as well as diseases that affect those systems in Semester 1. Join us in Semester 2, where students will learn about the structure, function, and interrelation between the lymphatic, immune, respiratory, digestive, urinary, and the endocrine systems. The reproductive system is also discussed along with hereditary traits and genetics. Finally, students will explore the importance of accurate patient documentation as well as technology used in the industry.Semester 1Starting with the relationship between anatomy and physiology, students will then learn about cell structure and their processes. Learners will also discover the functions and purposes of the skeletal, muscular, nervous, and cardiovascular systems, as well as diseases that affect those systems in Semester 1. Semester 2In Semester 2, students will learn about the structure, function, and interrelation between the lymphatic, immune, respiratory, digestive, urinary, and the endocrine systems. The reproductive system is also discussed along with hereditary traits and genetics. Finally, students will explore the importance of accurate patient documentation as well as technology used in the industry.When enrolling in the full year option of this course, it will be delivered in two semesters. Transcripts will reflect each semester separately.

Anatomy and Physiology introduces the students to the major body systems and how they work together to maintain homeostasis (balance) in the human body. Each section includes a description of the organ structures and underlying tissues and cells in the system, the disorders and diseases associated with each, as well as how they work together to perform a common function.

Have you ever watched a cartoon or played a video game where the animation of characters captivated you so much you wanted to create your own? If so, it’s time to immerse yourself in the world of animation. Meet the industry players such as directors, animators, and 3D modelers. Develop your story by exploring design, the 12 principles of animation, creating a storyboard, and leveraging the tools of the trade. Let’s bring your story to life with animation!It’s time to start animating like the pros! In this hands-on course, you’ll immediately start exploring the software Blender, your gateway to 3D modeling, computer animation, and postproduction procedures used in the film industry. Discover 3D modeling and animation of characters. Explore the basics of human anatomy and form to apply rigging, joints, and texture. Examine rendering and lighting effects and how to apply sound. And discover careers so you can start using your new skills right away.When enrolling in the full year option of this course it will be delivered in two semesters. Transcripts will reflect each semester separately

What makes us human? Is it our ability to use language, tools, or technology? Trace the history of Homo sapiens and explore our evolutionary trail through an anthropologic lens to observe our movement from cave dwellers to modern humans. Learn how we forged our way and developed all the things that make us humans, such as our cultures, languages, and religions.

AP® Biology builds students' understanding of biology on both the micro and macro scales. After studying cell biology, students move on to understand how evolution drives the diversity and unity of life. Students will examine how living systems store, retrieve, transmit, and respond to information and how organisms utilize free energy. The equivalent of an introductory college-level biology course, AP Biology prepares students for the AP exam and for further study in science, health sciences, or engineering. Access to this AP course is outside of our usual learning management system. Instructions for access will be sent to the support email after enrollment is processed.

AP Calculus AB focus on students’ understanding of calculus concepts and provide experience with methods andapplications. Through the use of big ideas of calculus (e.g., modeling change, approximation and limits, andanalysis of functions), each course becomes a cohesive whole, rather than a collection of unrelated topics. Bothcourses require students to use definitions and theorems to build arguments and justify conclusions. The coursesfeature a multi-representational approach to calculus, with concepts, results, and problems expressed graphically,numerically, analytically, and verbally. Exploring connections among these representations builds understandingof how calculus applies limits to develop important ideas, definitions, formulas, and theorems. A sustainedemphasis on clear communication of methods, reasoning, justifications, and conclusions is essential. Teachersand students should regularly use technology to reinforce relationships among functions, to confirm written work,to implement experimentation, and to assist in interpreting results.AP Calculus AB is designed to be the equivalent of a first semester college calculus course devoted to topics indifferential and integral calculus. Before studying calculus, all students should complete the equivalent of fouryears of secondary mathematics designed for college-bound students: courses that should prepare them with astrong foundation in reasoning with algebraic symbols and working with algebraic structures. Prospective calculusstudents should take courses in which they study algebra, geometry, trigonometry, analytic geometry, andelementary functions. These functions include linear, polynomial, rational, exponential, logarithmic, trigonometric,inverse trigonometric, and piecewise-defined functions. In particular, before studying calculus, students must befamiliar with the properties of functions, the composition of functions, the algebra of functions, and the graphs offunctions. Students must also understand the language of functions (domain and range, odd and even, periodic,symmetry, zeros, intercepts, and descriptors such as increasing and decreasing). Students should also know howthe sine and cosine functions are defined from the unit circle and know the values of the trigonometric functions atthe numbers 0, pi over 6, pi over 4, pi over 3, pi over 2 and their multiples.

AP® Chemistry builds students' understanding of the nature and reactivity of matter. After studying chemical reactions and electrochemistry, students move on to understand how the chemical and physical properties of materials can be explained by the structure and arrangements of the molecules and the forces between those molecules. Students will examine the laws of thermodynamics, molecular collisions, and the reorganization of matter in order to understand how changes in matter take place. Finally, students will explore chemical equilibria, including acid-base equilibria. The equivalent of an introductory college- level chemistry course, AP Chemistry prepares students for the AP exam and for further study in science, health sciences, or engineering. The AP Chemistry course provides a learning experience focused on allowing students to develop their critical thinking skills and cognitive strategies. Frequent no- and low-stakes assessments allow students to measure their comprehension and improve their performance as they progress through each activity. Students regularly engage with primary source materials, allowing them to practice the critical reading and analysis skills that they will need in order to pass the AP exam and succeed in a college chemistry course. Students perform hands-on labs that give them insight into the nature of science and help them understand chemical concepts, as well as how evidence can be obtained to support those concepts. Students also complete several virtual lab studies in which they form hypotheses; collect, analyze, and manipulate data; and report their findings and conclusions. During both virtual and traditional lab investigations and research opportunities, students summarize their findings and analyze others' findings in summaries, using statistical and mathematical calculations when appropriate. Summative tests are offered at the end of each unit as well as at the end of each semester and contain objective and constructed response items. Robust scaffolding, rigorous instruction, relevant material, and regular active learning opportunities ensure that students can achieve mastery of the skills necessary to excel on the AP exam.

This course is meant to be a first-time introduction to computer science, and does not require students to come in with any computer programming experience. However, we recommend that students take our Introduction to Computer Science prior to our AP courses). Students who have completed our Intro to CS course will be able to apply knowledge of concepts covered in the Intro course to the more advanced setting of the AP courses.It is recommended that a student in the AP Computer Science A Semester 2 course has successfully completed a first-year high school algebra course with a strong foundation of basic linear functions, composition of functions, and problem-solving strategies that require multiple approaches and collaborative efforts. In addition, students should be able to use a Cartesian (x, y) coordinate system to represent points on a plane. It is important that students and their advisers understand that any significant computer science course builds upon a foundation of mathematical reasoning that should be acquired before attempting such a course.

This course introduces students to the foundational concepts of computer science and explores the impact computing and technology have on our society. With a unique focus on creative problem-solving and real-world applications, the CodeHS AP Computer Science Principles course gives students the opportunity to explore several important topics of computing using their own ideas and creativity, use the power of computing to create artifacts of personal value, and develop an interest in computer science that will foster further endeavors in the field.

AP Computer Science Principles1 is the newest AP® course from the College Board. This course introduces students to the foundational concepts of computer science and explores the impact computing and technology have on our society.With a unique focus on creative problem solving and real-world applications, the CodeHS AP Computer Science Principles course gives students the opportunity to explore several important topics of computing using their own ideas and creativity, use the power of computing to create artifacts of personal value, and develop an interest in computer science that will foster further endeavors in the field.

In AP English Language and Composition, students investigate rhetoric and its impact on culture through analysis of notable fiction and nonfiction texts, from pamphlets to speeches to personal essays. The equivalent of an introductory college level survey class, this course prepares students for the AP exam and for further study in communications, creative writing, journalism, literature, and composition. Students explore a variety of textual forms, styles, and genres. By examining all texts through a rhetorical lens, students become skilled readers and analytical thinkers. Focusing specifically on language, purpose, and audience gives them a broad view of the effect of text and its cultural role. Students write expository and narrative texts to hone the effectiveness of their own use of language, and they develop varied, informed arguments through research. Throughout the course, students are evaluated with assessments specifically designed to prepare them for the content, form, and depth of the AP Exam. Access to this AP course is outside of our usual learning management system. Instructions for access will be sent to the support email after enrollment is processed.

AP English Literature and Composition immerses students in novels, plays, poems, and short stories from various periods. Students read and write daily, using a variety of multimedia and interactive activities, interpretive writing assignments, and class discussions to assess and improve their skills and knowledge. The course places special emphasis on reading comprehension, structural and critical analysis of written works, literary vocabulary, and recognizing and understanding literary devices. The key foci of this course are comprehension, interpretation, and analysis. More specifically, the course focuses on close and thematic reading skills. The writing students undertake is overwhelmingly of an analytical nature; students analyze meaning and how meaning is created. The equivalent of an introductory college level survey class, this course prepares students for the AP Exam and for further study in creative writing, communications, journalism, literature, and composition. Access to this AP course is outside of our usual learning management system. Instructions for access will be sent to the support email after enrollment is processed.

The AP® Environmental course provides students with the scientific principles, concepts, and methodologies required to understand the interrelationships of the natural world. The course draws upon various disciplines, including geology, biology, environmental studies, environmental science, chemistry, and geography in order to explore a variety of environmental topics. Topics explored include natural systems on Earth; biogeochemical cycles; the nature of matter and energy; the flow of matter and energy through living systems; populations; communities; ecosystems; ecological pyramids; renewable and nonrenewable resources; land use; biodiversity; pollution; conservation; sustainability; and human impacts on the environment. AP® Environmental Science prepares students for the AP® exam and for further study in science, health sciences, or engineering. Access to this AP course is outside of our usual learning management system. Instructions for access will be sent to the support email after enrollment is processed.

In this course, students will identify and define the central themes of human geography and ways in which key concepts in AP Human Geography are linked together.

Students explore and analyze the economic, political, and social transformation of the United States since the time of the first European encounters. Students are asked to master not only the wide array of factual information necessary to do well on the AP Exam, but also to practice skills of critical analysis of historical information and documents. Students read primary and secondary source materials and analyze problems presented by historians to gain insight into challenges of interpretation and the ways in which historical events have shaped American society and culture. The content aligns to the sequence of topics recommended by the College Board and to widely used textbooks. The course prepares students for the AP Exam.Access to this AP course is outside of our usual learning management system. Instructions for access will be sent to the support email after enrollment is processed.

AP Microeconomics studies the behavior of individuals and businesses as they exchange goods and services in the marketplace. Students will learn why the same product costs different amounts at different stores, in different cities, at different times. They'll also learn to spot patterns in economic behavior and how to use those patterns to explain buyer and seller behavior under various conditions. Microeconomics studies the economic way of thinking, understanding the nature and function of markets, the role of scarcity and competition, the influence of factors such as interest rates on business decisions, and the role of government in promoting a healthy economy. The equivalent of a 1OD-level college course, AP Microeconomics prepares students for the AP Exam and for further study in business, history, and political science. Access to this AP course is outside of our usual learning management system. Instructions for accessing this location will be sent to the support email after the enrollment process is complete.Recommended Prerequisite: Algebra 1

AP Psychology provides an overview of current psychological research methods and theories. Students will explore the therapies used by professional counselors and clinical psychologists and examine the reasons for normal human reactions: how people learn and think, the process of human development and human aggression, altruism, intimacy, and self-reflection. They’ll study core psychological concepts, such as the brain and sense functions, and learn to gauge human reactions, gather information, and form meaningful syntheses. Along the way, students will also investigate relevant concepts like study skills and information retention. The equivalent of a 100 level college survey course, AP Psychology prepares students for the AP Exam and for further studies in psychology and life sciences. Access to this AP course is outside of our usual learning management system. Instructions for access will be sent to the support email after enrollment is processed.Recommended Prerequisite: Biology

Our mission is to offer access and opportunity for all students to gain culturally authentic world language reading,writing, listening, and speaking skills that students will need to become college and career-ready in a 21st Centuryglobal marketplace. Our online AP Spanish Language course is an advanced language course in which studentsacquire proficiencies that expand their cognitive, analytical and communicative skills. The AP Spanish Languagecourse prepares them for the AP Spanish exam. It uses as its foundation the three modes of communication(Interpersonal, Interpretive and Presentational) as defined in the Standards for Foreign Language Learning in the21st Century. The course is designed as an immersion experience requiring the use of Spanish exclusively. All the reading,listening, speaking and writing is in Spanish.

The AP Statistics course introduces students to the major concepts and tools for collecting, analyzing, and drawing conclusions from data. There are four themes evident in the content, skills, and assessment in the AP Statistics course: exploring data, sampling and experimentation, probability and simulation, and statistical inference. Students use technology, investigations, problem solving, and writing as they build conceptual understanding. The AP Statistics course is equivalent to a one-semester, introductory, non-calculus-based college course in statistics. The AP Statistics course is an excellent option for any secondary school student whohas successfully completed a second-year course in algebra and who possesses sufficient mathematical maturity and quantitative reasoning ability. Because second-year algebra is the prerequisite course, AP Statistics is usually in either the junior or senior year. Decisions about whether to take AP Statistics and when to take it depend on a student’s plans.

AP® US Government and Politics studies the operations and structure of the United States government and the behavior of the electorate and politicians. Students will gain the analytic perspective necessary to critically evaluate political data, hypotheses, concepts, opinions, and processes. Along the way, they’ll learn how to gather data about political behavior and develop their own theoretical analysis of American politics. They’ll also build the skills they need to examine general propositions about government and politics, and to analyze the specific relationships between political, social, and economic institutions.The equivalent of an introductory college level course, AP® US Government and Politics prepares students for the AP exam and for further study in political science, law, education, business, and history.Access to this AP course is outside of our usual learning management system. Instructions for accessing this location will be sent to the support email after the enrollment process is complete.Recommended Prerequisite: U.S. History

In AP U.S. History, students investigate the development of American economics, politics, and culture through historical analysis grounded in primary sources, research, and writing. The equivalent of an introductory college-level course, AP U.S. History prepares students for the AP Exam and for further study in history, political science, economics, sociology, and law. Through the examination of historical themes and the application of historical thinking skills, students learn to connect specific people, places, events, and ideas to the larger trends of U.S. history. Critical-reading activities, feedback-rich instruction, and application-oriented assignments hone students' ability to reason chronologically, to interpret historical sources, and to construct well-supported historical arguments. Students write throughout the course, responding to primary and secondary sources through journal entries, essays, and visual presentations of historical content. In discussion activities, students respond to the positions of others while staking and defending claims of their own. Robust scaffolding, rigorous instruction, relevant material, and regular opportunities for active learning ensure that students can achieve mastery of the skills necessary to excel on the AP Exam. Access to this AP course is outside our usual learning management system. Instructions for access will be sent to the support email after enrollment is processed.

George Santayana once said, “Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it.” The field of archaeology helps us better understand the events and societies of the past that have helped shape our modern world. This course focuses on the techniques, methods, and theories that guide the study of the past. Students learn how archaeological research is conducted and interpreted, as well as how artifacts are located and preserved. Finally, students learn about the relationship of material items to culture and what we can learn about past societies from these items.

Art and Music Appreciation introduces the major themes, influences, and personalities in art and music that shaped most of Western cultural heritage. A dual track approach is used by the Learning Guide and provides a basis for synthesis. This is a full credit course that combines both the Art Appreciation and Music Appreciation half credit courses. This is a textbook based course that comes with a printed learning guide.

This one-Semester course will introduce learners to the various forms of the visual arts, such as painting, sculpture, film, and more. Students will learn how to look at a work of art, identify and compare key characteristics in artworks, and understand the role art has played throughout history. Through hands-on activities, virtual museum tours, discussion, and research, learners will develop an overall appreciation for the art they encounter in their daily lives.

This one-semester course will introduce learners to the various forms of the visual arts, such as painting, sculpture, film, and more. Students will learn how to look at a work of art, identify and compare key characteristics in artworks, and understand the role art has played throughout history. Through hands-on activities, virtual museum tours, discussion, and research, learners will develop an overall appreciation for the art they encounter in their daily lives.

Who do you think is the greatest artist of all time? Maybe Leonardo da Vinci? Michelangelo? Maybe a more modern artist like Claude Monet or Pablo Picasso? Or is it possible that the greatest artist of all time is actually someone whose name has been lost to history? In Art in World Cultures, you’ll learn about some of the greatest artists in the world while creating your own art, both on paper and digitally. This course explores basic principles and elements of art and teaches you how to critique different art works art. And along the way, you will get to discover some traditional art forms from various regions of the world including the Americas, Africa, and Oceania.

Follow your enthusiasm for space by introducing yourself to the study of astronomy. This course will include topics such as astronomy’s history and development, basic scientific laws of motion and gravity, the concepts of modern astronomy, and the methods used by astronomers to learn more about the universe. Further knowledge is gained through the study of galaxies, stars, and the origin of the universe.When enrolling in the full year option of this course, it will be delivered in two semesters. Transcripts will reflect each semester separately.

Building upon the prior prerequisite course, dive deeper into the universe and develop a lifelong passion for space exploration and investigation. Become familiar with the inner and outer planets of the solar system as well as the sun, comets, asteroids, and meteors. Additional topics include space travel and settlements as well as the formation of planets.When enrolling in the full year option of this course, it will be delivered in two semesters. Transcripts will reflect each semester separately.

Biology is the study of life. It is important to understand the basics of biology in order to understand our own bodies as well as the world around us. This course offers a concise review of Biology topics including the characteristics of life, cell structure, biochemical processes, homeostasis, reproduction and development, evolution, the environment, and more.